Dongba
Illustration from the Naxi People
Qing
dynasty (1644�1911) or Republican period (1912�1949), undated, 1930s or earlier
Illustration of the Spirit Way
Vertical
handscroll, color and white pigment on linen; approx. 1,475.0 x 28.0 cm
Inventory number: 111 bao-2
The
Naxi people believe that their dead proceed automatically and directly to
hell.� The souls of the deceased must
therefore be led back out from the infernal depths toward heaven by the dongba
or ritual specialists during the performance of elaborate funerary rites;
pictorial illustrations are an integral part of these rituals.� Pictures known as shenlu tu
("illustrations of the spirit way" or "illustrations of the
spirit road") are a visualization of this process and reflect both
ancestral Naxi and Tibetan Buddhist notions of life and death.� Vertically oriented and extending between 15
and 20 meters in length, they are mostly drawn on locally produced linen or
other cloths treated with a paste of white powder; a smaller number are
executed on paper.� These illustrations
are composed of more than 100 individual and contiguous sections, which are
divided among three major narrative structures: the 33 strata of spirit lands,
human figures dwelling on earth, and 18 demonic lands.� Hell is always shown in the lowermost
sections, the human realm in the middle segments, and heaven in the topmost;
the entire imagined sequence that must be traversed by the deceased is
replicated.
This
scroll was executed with bright mineral pigments on linen, it depicts no fewer
than 360 gods, figures, and demons as well as 70 to 80 kinds of fabulous winged
creatures and beasts.� There is no
shortage of gruesome scenes in the lower sections to remind the living that no
stay in the infernal lands should last very long.
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