Images of dance and drama are found both on bas reliefs and in free standing sculpture from ancient Cambodian temples. Unfortunately, we know very little about the meanings and gestures of dance in ancient Cambodia. While a Sanskrit dance treatise, the Natyasastra, sheds light on ancient dance in India, no such text has survived in Cambodia. Moreover, ancient inscriptions written in both Sanskrit and Khmer (Cambodian language) on stone stele reveal little about the nuances of ancient dance and drama. We do, however, know that dance, drama, and music were performed as ritual offerings to the gods and ancestors. A 7th-century Sanskrit inscription mentions the donation of dancers as part of a ritual and material offering to a temple. Another inscription dating from the 9th century tells us that King Yashovarman I (889-ca. 900 AD) learned music and dance. We also know that King Jayavarman VII (1181- ca.1218 AD) donated thousands of dancers to the temples of Preah Khan and Ta Prohm. Not surprisingly, there are many images of elegant dancers found at Preah Khan. (fig.1) In addition, a segment of a long stone relief from the Bayon, an early 13th-century temple, provides a glimpse of this same act of ritual offering. We see here a group of patrons, devotees, and flying celestial dancers paying homage to a four-armed Vishnu. (fig. 2) Another image from the 12th-century temple of Banteay Samre shows two dancers accompanied by women musicians. (fig. 3)

The scarcity of written sources makes it very difficult to establish a historical link between ancient and contemporary dance. While the legacy of dance was transmitted orally and bodily, what the classical Cambodian Court Dancers perform today is often a modern reinvention. A case in point is the Apsara dance (Robam Apsara) included in the current tour. This particular dance was created in the late 1950s by Queen Kossamak based on the story of the “Churning of Ocean of Milk” depicted on the bas reliefs of the 12th-century temple of Angkor Wat. (fig. 4) (fig. 5)

Taken from the Bhagavata Purana, the “Churning of the Ocean of Milk” was favored by ancient Khmer kings and their artists. It tells the story of the gods and demons who fought in vain to extract the nectar of immortality from the ocean of milk. Eventually they turned to Lord Vishnu for help. Vishnu, using Mt. Mandara as a churning stick led the gods and demons in a collaborative effort to produce the amvrita (nectar). In addition to the nectar, many other treasures emerged ; including the apsaras (Sanskrit = from the water but commonly referred to as celestial dancers). The ornate costumes, crowns, and jewelry worn by contemporary Cambodian dancers appear to be direct copies of those of the dancers depicted on these bas reliefs. (fig. 6) (fig. 7) The resemblance is so close that one can easily imagine that these contemporary dancers emerged from the static stone reliefs to set the world in motion. Not surprisingly, most of the movements in the apsara dance (and other dances included in the current repertoire) mirror the poses represented in ancient sculptures. It is possible that the frontal focus, the contorted movement of bodies, and the flexible hand gestures seen in contemporary Cambodian dance are derived from and inspired by the different poses depicted on Angkorian stone reliefs. (see fig. 1)

Apsaras are an embodiment of the ideal female beauty in Cambodian culture. Both modern and ancient Khmer artists rendered them elaborately and with great emotional intensity. We find the most charming and flirtatious apsaras at the early 13th-century temple of Ta Som. One of them confidently shows off her ornate right earring. (fig. 8) while another two dancers are depicted equally sensuously and self-absorbed; one holding lotus flowers in her hands, and the other is caught in the act of squeezing water from her long hair. (fig. 9)

The ancient pictorial narrative traditions and dancers depicted on stone reliefs serve as a source of artistic inspiration and reinvention for both modern Khmer dancers and puppeteers. Moreover, the significant role of dance as ritual and material offerings to the gods continues to be visible in contemporary Cambodia. We see dancers move elegantly as they present offerings of incense, fruit and their dance to the teachers and ancestors every Thursday at the Royal University of Fine Arts in Phnom Penh. (fig. 11)